-immune+system-

= __IMMUNE SYSTEM (Mickey)__ =

//A biological structure which “consists of organs, cells, and molecules that fight infections” and pathogens// (31.2)

Others tissue and system help prevent pathogen entering or damage the body in assistant to the immune system:

· Skin is the physical barrier against infection. (31.2)  · Mucous membrane traps the entering pathogens. (31.2)  · Circulatory system transport immune cells throughout the body. (31.2)

There are various cells and proteins help battles infection:

· White blood cells assault infections within the body o Phagocytes engulf and eliminate pathogens. (31.2)  o T cells- destroy the pathogens (31.2) o B cells- makes antibodies (31.2) § Basophil- creates chemicals leading to inflammation in the bloodstream (31.2) § Mast cell- creates chemicals leading to inflammation of body tissues (31.2) § Neutrophil- a phagocyte that engulfs and “alien” invaders. (31.2)  § Macrophage- a phagocyte that engulfs dead/ damage body cells and bacteria. (31.2)  § Lymphocyte- eliminates infected body cells and produce proteins that inactivate pathogen. (31.2)  § Eosinophil- injects poisonous packages into parasites. (31.2)



Three types of proteins fight pathogens:

· Complement proteins weaken the pathogen membrane (31.2) · Antibodies make pathogen ineffective. (31.2)  · Interferons stop viruses from healthy cells. (31.2) Immunity prevent a person from become ill by pathogens (31.2)

· In all immunity, pathogens are extinguish before a person gets sick (31.2)

o Passive immunity with no need of immune response (31.2) § Mother’s milk (31.2) § Genetic (31.2) o Active immunity happens when there is a immune response (31.2)


 * __Immune responses__**

//The immune system has various responses to pathogens and “alien” cells.// (31.3) Numerous body systems function to create nonspecific (31.3)

o Nonspecific responses are same to every pathogen. (31.3)  o During inflammation, blood vessels become leaky. (31.3)  o White blood cells proceeds towards damaged tissues (31.3) o Show as swelling, redness, and physical pain (31.3) o Throughout fever, body temperature increases (31.3) o Low fever allow the white blood cells to mature (31.3) o High fever may leads to seizure, brain damage, or more extreme, death (31.3)

Cells of the immune system creates specific responses (31.3)

o Specific responses start out with the finding of antigens (31.3) o Antigens- the surface proteins of pathogens (31.3) o Each pathogen has a different type of antigen (31.3) o 2 specific immune responses: o Cellular immunity uses T cells to eliminate infected cells (31.3) o Humoral immunity uses B cells to make antibodies (31.3) o Both create memories cells (31.3) o Specialized B and T cells (31.3) o Provide needed active immunity (31.3)

Immunity system discards foreign tissues (31.3) o Tissue rejections happens in transplant of organs and tissues (31.3) o Tissue rejection is the result of immune responses (31.3) o Immune system detects protein markers on the donor’s tissue (31.3) o It, then, makes antibodies opposing the donor’s tissues (31.3)

__**Diseases that weaken the immune system**__

//When the immune system is weak, the body cannot fight off diseases.// (31.6)

Leukemia is a disease characterized by the abnormal of white blood cells (31.6) · It’s the cancer of the bone marrow (31.6) o Define by the immature white blood cells (31.6) o Results in the immune system to be weak (31.6) · Leukemia can lead to possible infections (31.6) o Happens when white blood cells fail to defend the body against infection (31.6) o Leukemia would not occur if the immune system is healthy (31.6)

· HIV aims to attack the immune system (31.6) o The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retro virus (31.6) § Assaults and weakens the immune system (31.6) § Transmitted by mixing infected blood with body fluids (31.6) o HIV infections lead to AIDS (31.6) § Reproduces and kills T cells (31.6) § The body can’t replace the T cells in time (31.6) § T cells is then unhelpful in immune responses (31.6) o AIDS is acquired immune deficiency syndrome (31.6) § Various possible infections (31.6) § The T cells number decreases (31.6)

Other important facts about HIV: · During 2006, already 5.4 million Americans had HIV positive (Important) · HIV can’t be cure, because the virus cannot be destroy (Difference) · HIV can be spread by unprotected sex, pregnancy, and sharing of syringes (Facts) · Women are more likely to get infected than men (Facts) · There are no cure, but there are drugs to prevent the HIV virus to kill T cells (Facts) · There are anti- HIV drugs which proves toxic due to it’s side effects leading to heart damage, kidney failure, etc. (Facts) · HIV have to kill T Cells (Difference) · A person with HIV can be hard to be diagnosed (Difference) · A person can proceed from HIV to AIDS from 2- 10/ 15 years (Difference) || · AIDS happened before HIV (Difference) · When AIDS progresses, T Cells are already eliminated (Difference) · Possible infections after AIDS can be pneumonia, KS, etc. (Difference) · The disease usually diagnosed when it’s clear the person has Aids (Difference) ||
 * **HIV** || **AIDS** ||
 * · HIV happens before AIDs (Difference)



__//**For Your Curious Eyes only:**//__

- [|How to prevent HIV/ AIDS] [|- Phagocytes] [|- White blood cells] [|- Leukemia]

"Difference Between HIV & AIDS." //AIDS Support Group//. Web. 16 May 2011. .

"Facts About HIV/AIDS - The Body." //The Complete HIV/AIDS Resource - The Body//. Web. 16 May 2011. .

"Important Facts about HIV and AIDS." //Education and Training Unit (ETU)//. Web. 16 May 2011. .

//31.2 Immune System//. McDougal Littell, 2008. Web. 15 May 2011

//31.3 Immune Responses//. McDougal Littell, 2008. Web. 15 May 2011

//31.6 Diseases That Weaken the Immune System//. McDougal Littell, 2008. Web. 15 May 2011 Kightley, Russle. //HIV Replication or Life Cycle//. Digital image. //Http://www.rkm.com.au/VIRUS/HIV/HIV-virus-life-cycle.html//. Web. 15 May 2011. .// T Cells//. Digital image. The Encyclopedia of Science. Web. 15 May 2011 . //White Blood Cells//. Digital image. //White Blood Cells//. Web. 15 May 2011. .

//HIV In Fected Adult//. Digital image. Web. 16 May 2011. .